The Thyroid Gland & Truth Decay
by Andreas Schuld

   On February 17, 1999 an article titled "Fear of Fluoride"  appeared in Salon Magazine documenting the ongoing controversy on the use of fluorides (1). The subtitle read: "Questions About The Safety Of This Cavity-Fighting Chemical Aren't Just For Right-Wing Conspiracists Anymore". The article mentioned a grievance filed by the union representing all scientists at EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C., asking for fluoride-free bottled water for their offices, a request which is partly based on their recent findings that fluorides can seriously impair neurological functions and reduce IQ in children (2). The scientists at EPA are required  by law to set a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride in water, specifically to avoid a condition known as crippling skeletal fluorosis (CSF).

   It was also the same day I was unsubscribed from the thyca list (a thyroid cancer support group) by Arturo Rolla, MD at Harvard, and owner of the list, apparently with support from Kenneth B. Ain, M.D, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and the Director of the Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. I had joined the thyca list in December 1998 in order to offer support to my sister who had just been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

   Reason for my "dismissal": I had posted info on fluorides, after Dr. Rolla discouraged discussion on the issue for the second time in a few weeks, proclaiming that "thyca has nothing to do with fluoride". Responding to a post by D.W., who originally had requested info on the subject, he stated:

"This is a suppport(sic) list, yes, and because of that we have to make  sure the data posted here is serious and scientific.

   I hope you undertand (sic) my point. You have a right to express your opinion, you can do it in many other areas of the Internet. This list has rules and regulations and we demand validation and seriousness in the data you want to present."

   Strange, for in an earlier post I had supplied Dr. Rolla and everyone else on the list with a phone number to Dr. William Hirzy (mentioned in above Salon article) at EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C. to verify the cancer information given, as well as supplied references to literature. The EPA scientists have declared that the MCL of 4 ppm in water was set fraudulently in 1985 and that 90% of the scientific literature showing that fluoride is mutagenic were omitted.(2)

   D.W, a thyca listmember had requested info on fluoride and quoted a reference URL (3), which happened to be an article written by Darlene Sherrell, who discovered a calculation error in dosage figures and, with the help of Dr. Robert Carton and U.S. Senator Bob Graham, forced the NAS/NRC to correct their figures. The figures had been corrected in 1979 by Harold Hodge himself, the man who incorrectly set them.(4) It also happens that one of Sherrell's daughters had developed thyroid cancer at the age of 17, after her thyroid had enlarged and returned to normal several times around puberty, as well as having experienced other symptoms of fluoride poisoning and skeletal fluorosis.

   Dr. Ain was quick to proclaim my references and the one given by D.W. as "EXAMPLES OF POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS PSEUDOSCIENCE" (emphasis Ain). Also, he wrote:
"... Additionally, there is no way that direct causative relationships can be drawn from selected ANTIQUATED (see dates above) isolated and unverified published studies."

   My "dated" references stated the research done by Dr. Takeki Tsutui and co-workers, of the Nippon Dental College in 1984 (5), documenting the mutagenic characteristics of fluoride. It was demonstrated that fluorides can transfer normal cells into cancerous ones. Also quoted was a reference from 1988, the year that the Argonne National Laboratories and others verified Dr.Tsutui's research (6A), as did scientists at the Institute for Scientific Research on Cancer, France and the Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Medical University, China (6B). As far as the statement "...a few isolated and unverified studies" is concerned, it deserves to be noted that the fluoride-cancer connection has been proven and been documented in congressional hearings and court rooms, as well as in countless peer-reviewed journals and publications. (5,6,7,8,9,10,18)

   In 1996 yet another cancer-fluoride related study was published linking fluorides to an increase in uterine cancer (10). The Okinawa Islands were under U.S. administration from 1945 to 1972. During that time, fluoride was added to the drinking water supplies in most regions. A significant positive correlation was found between fluoride concentration in drinking water and uterine cancer mortality in 20 municipalities.

   In 1981, Dean Burk, for many decades head chemist at the National Cancer Institute, testified at congressional hearings, reporting that at least 40,000 cancer deaths in 1981 were attributable to fluoridation.(7) 40,000 cases that could have been prevented simply by NOT putting industry waste into the public water supply. (18)

   Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, who with Burk had collected the statistical data, also found precancerous changes in oral squamous cells, an increase in squamous cell tumors and cancers, and thyroid follicular cell tumors as a result of increasing levels of fluoride in drinking water.(33)

   Dr. Ain's statement regarding the antiquity of my sources seems even more ridiculous especially when one considers that the effects of fluorine have been studied since the 1800's, and the classic study done by Kaj Roholm on Danish cryolite workers in 1935 (translated into English in 1937) is still the standard used in industrial regulations set to protect workers exposed to fluorides in various industries. (11)

   In another post Dr. Ain related the info given to the claims by Neo-Nazis trying to prove that the holocaust never happened. Similar techniques were used by the ADA, as published in the JADA in 1962 and 1965 (update), when they listed reputable scientists alongside organizations such as the KKK and right wing organizations in attempting to discredit these scientists who were opposed to fluoridation (12).

   Further, Dr. Ain stated :"...It is a reality that the published literature contains at least several studies supporting nearly every conceivable alternative viewpoint on nearly every topic.  Thus the need for critical, educated and sensible evaluation of such studies."

  Exactly. It is true that the literature on the effects of fluoride on the thyroid gland appears contradictory, especially as it relates to goitre. However, upon closer examination you will find that a large number of studies and reviews seem to have been done specifically to demonstrate that the effects of fluoride have no harmful effect "at doses recommended for caries prevention" (0.7 ppm - 1.2ppm => 0.7 mg/l - 1.2 mg/l) (13).  This dosage already renders such studies completely invalid, for current total intake from all sources is approaching the 8 mg/day mark in "optimally" fluoridated areas, based on the latest available data from official government sources such as the U.S. Public Health Service(14). Other studies were done for only a few days, which seems ridiculous considering that fluoride is a cumulative poison(15). Again, the accumulation of fluorides in the body and the very real skeletal fluorosis are the reasons why an MCL for fluoride in water has to be set by the EPA!

    Perhaps more important is the fact that a 1 ppm fluoride dose in rats is not the same as a 1 ppm (1mg/l) dose in humans. Dr. Phyllis Mullenix, former head of the Forsyth Research Institute associated with Harvard, states:

   "When rats consumed 75-125 ppm (!) and humans 5-10 ppm fluoride in their respective drinking waters, the result was equivalent ranges of plasma fluoride levels."(16)

  It is therefore even more astounding that adverse effects on thyroid action have been documented in studies where doses of 0.9 mg/day or 1.0 mg/day were given. (13,17,19)

  In order to understand this properly, one needs to realize that the level of fluoride at 1 ppm = 1 mg/l was set in the 40's when TOTAL intake was considered to be only about 1 mg/day in areas with fluoridated water. It was thought that fluoridation of water supplies at 1 ppm (1 mg/l) would duplicate this intake, assuming that people would drink 4 glasses of water a day.

   However, current intake is approachig 8 mg/day - not just from tap water, but toothpaste and other dental products,  beverages, processed foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, Pharmaceuticals, Teflon coated cookware, vitamins and mineral supplements, teas, air, etc. etc.

   It is well known that pesticides can also be a cause for thyroid cancer. Several thyroid cancer survivors on the thyca list had grown up in orchards, as became apparent in a small survey that was conducted on the list.

  Cryolite is found on apples, raisins, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, peaches, as well as most berries. Cryolite is 54.30% fluorine.(21) On February 19, 1999 the Washington Post published a story on the recent findings of a study by Consumers Union which stated that as little as a single serving of some popular fruits and vegetables may contain enough harmful chemicals to exceed government health standards. The analysis found consistently high rates of pesticide contamination for seven common types of produce and processed food, and it concluded that children are most at risk - in part because their bodies are more sensitive, but also because they typically consume more fresh fruit per pound than adults.(34) A recent University of Minnesota study, published in the March 1999 issue of Environmental Health Perspectives(58), has found that men in eleven northwestern Minnesota counties have higher than normal death rates from some types of  cancers. The study found men in the Red River valley are three times more likely to die from thyroid cancer than men in urban areas. The men in those agricultural areas were also twice as likely to die from bone cancer. In this context it must be noted that 1992 studies by the New Jersey Department of Health confirmed a 6.9 increase in bone cancer in young males due to fluoride intake. Dr. William Marcus, Senior Science Advisor with the EPA's Office of Science and Technology, has said that the level of fluoride in rodents who had osteosarcoma was lower than levels found in humans exposed to allowable levels of fluoride, and that NO other compounds (including radioactive compounds) have been able to produce osteosarcomas in rodents.(59)

  Already in 1940 authors Robert H. Wilson and Floyd DeEds from the United States Department of Agriculture, wrote:

   "Should a spray residue tolerance limit for fluorine be set to protect the normal, the hyperthyroid, or the hypothyroid individual? ... should the tolerance limit take into consideration that in certain areas the public is already exposed to a fluorine intake in the drinking water?"

   Explaining the importance of total intake of fluorides, they wrote:

   "Largely because of the interest in the relationship of mottled enamel to the fluorine content of drinking water, and the potentialities for producing the same tooth defect by spray residue containing fluorine, it has become customary to refer to toxic amounts of fluorine in terms of parts per million. Fluorine spray residue tolerance limits are expressed in this manner. However, it seems apparent that the absolute amount of fluorine ingested might be of more importance than the concentration of fluorine present in one or more constituents of the diet. If rats could be made to eat more food than the normal daily intake, then a diet which contained slightly too little fluorine to cause bleaching of the incisors under ordinary conditions might result in the production of bleached teeth. The concentration of fluorine in the diet would remain the same, but the absolute amount of fluorine ingested would be increased."

   Besides the direct application of fluorine-containing pesticides such as cryolite and Norflurazon, as well as fertilizers, fluorides also enter as a result of air contamination by many industries(18). Jerard and Patrick reported in a 1973 article in the International Journal of Environmental Studies that in some regions of Florida 25,000 acres of citrus trees had been destroyed within 50 miles of phosphate processing plants and seemingly "normal" samples of orange juice were found to contain 3-12ppm (mg/l) of fluoride.(49) Fluoride contaminated phosphate is also used as fertilizer, as a supplement in pet food, and as ingredient or additive in foods and vitamins(21). Donald Hilleman of the Michigan State University discovered that many cattle illnesses which had been attributed to feed pollution by PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls) were actually caused by high fluoride contents in the feeds. He found the high levels of fluoride in these animals along with the reduced thyroid activity and disrupted immune function characteristic of fluoride poisoning (46,21).

   In 1939, before fluoridation of public water supplies began in the U.S., soft-tissue levels (kidney, spleen, thyroid, etc) already contained about 0.5 ppm fluoride(20).  Between 1960 and 1965, soft-tissue fluoride levels were taken from the bodies of people who had lived in the greater Salt Lake City Area, which wasn't even fluoridated. The fluoride came only from foods and beverages supplied  by other fluoridated areas, and from whatever industrial pollution of water and air was in the area.(21) Thyroid glands contained 4 ppm fluoride.(22)

   Drs. Rolla and Ain are not alone in their attempts to drown discussion on this subject. From a Health Guide, published by the Thyroid Foundation Of Canada, written by Robert Volpé, Director of the Endocrine Research Laboratory at Wellesley Central Hospital, Toronto:

  "QUESTION 25: Do you have any information on the connection between fluoride and hypothyroidism? In a publication entitled "Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements" by H. Winter Griffith, M.D., it states not to take fluoride if you have underactive thyroid function. I have not heard of this before and am wondering what the implications are.

  I don't know if I should laugh or cry at such nonsense. How can any "expert" make such statements, especially if fluorides have been given specifically in the past to reduce thyroid action in hyperthyroid patients? In the 30's authors in Germany reported having successfully treated 1,158 hyperythyroid patients within 6 years with either sodium fluoride or fluorothyrosine (25). Similar results were reached by Gorlitzer von Mundy with baths containing HF(26). The product later released on the market was Pardinon, another was Tyrosin(48,52). Research in the late 50's conducted by  Galetti and Joyet apparently indicated that fluoride was not reliable enough to be recommended as an alternative thyroid drug (13,50). Checking an older Merck Index will also verify this info.(24)

   The antagonistic relationship between fluoride and iodine, being at opposite ends in the halogen group, has been described in many studies, almost ever since Wagner von Jauregg began a mass iodine- supplementation program in Austrian areas endemic with goitre(53).

   It is also known that the effects of fluorides on the thyroid can be different from country to country, reasons for this not being known. Gordonoff wrote already in 1964 that the effects are as such, citing research by Goldemberg and Eugster. He said that in certain areas no skeletal fluorosis can be seen while there are effects on the thyroid, but in other areas there are no thyroid effects, but there is skeletal fluorosis(54).

Truth:

1) Fluoride is not just "briefly" picked up by the thyroid gland. Fluoride is also STORED in the thyorid gland.

2) Fluoride DOES interfere with thyroid function.

To quote Harold Hodge again:

 "Among the many effects of fluoride (real or purported) are a few that have been so well studied that quantitative dose-effect relations can be estimated albeit with variable numerical certainty... Five other chronic fluoride effects have been well studied in experimental animals: kidney injury, anemia, interference with reproduction, changes in thyroid structure or function, and body weight loss."(4)

  There are hundreds of studies documenting the interference of fluoride with thyroid function. One study done by the Polish team of Bobek and Kahl documented rats on 1.0 mg (!) fluoride daily in the drinking water had significantly lowered thyroxine, triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine index in plasma. It was concluded that fluoride given continously to the rats may influence the thyroid gland rather indirectly by changing hormone transporation in the blood. (19). What would happen if these rats drank 75-125 ppm (mg/l), which, to bring up this point again, would result in similar plasma fluoride levels as the 5-10 ppm human beings are taking in now? (12)

   Countless studies exist in the field of veterinary medicine on the effects of fluoride on the thyroid gland. Hillman, et.al. documented in a study from 1979 on cattle how thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum were decreased with increasing urinary fluoride, eosinophils increased, and cholesterol tended to decrease, at urinary fluoride levels comparable now to ones in "optimally fluoridated" areas. Cattle afflicted with fluorosis developed hypothyroidism, anemia, and eosinophilia of leukocytes(46). This really is nothing new. Already in 1934 studies done by Chang, Phillips, Hart and Bostedt on the effects of mixing fluorine-containing phosphate in cowfeed showed comparable data.(47) Many more studies can be found within the last 80 years.

  I personally know of hundreds of international studies documenting the effects of fluoride on the thyroid gland and have posted more than a hundred of them in the Virtual Library (27), so that interested parties may obtain such studies through inter-library loan for closer examination.

  There are also numerous studies documenting that fluorides in the body increase the uptake and bioavailability of radioactive elements in the environment. A study done by Hein, Smith, Hodge, and others documented that radioactive fluorine (18 F-) was accumulated in the thyroid gland (31A), and that "the thyroid selectively concentrates fluoride from dilute solutions more than any other soft tissue studied".(31B) 18 F-, incidentally, is also one of the major tracers found in nuclear medicine. There are still other connections with thyroid cancer, radiation and fluorine.

   In 1986, the nuclear industry once again became part of the list of fluoride polluting industries. One person died and others were hospitalized when a nuclear fuels processing plant near Webber Falls exploded, releasing 14 tons of radioactive Uranium Hexafluoride. The compound reacted with the moisture in the air to produce fluoride and a uranium residue. At the time, Richard Cunningham, safety-division director at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that the workers may have inhaled "a small amount of uranium" but that their burns and respiratory distress were caused by the non-radioactive chemical [fluoride]. (60,21) It is also no co-incidence that thyroid cancer rates are higher near plants producing rocketfuel, which also use fluorides and have high fluoride emissions.

   A recent statement by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights reported that 800 tons of depleted uranium were dropped on Iraq during the military war. Depleted Uranium (DU) is the radioactive by-product of the uranium enrichment process - it can be considered a form of nuclear warfare. Essentially all of the DU inventory is in the form of Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6)(45). When a DU shell explodes, up to 70% of it turns into aerosol. These highly toxic particles travel in the wind, and are inhaled and ingested.  Depleted uranium vaporizes when deployed in armour-piercing bullets. Scientific studies indicate if as much as one small particle (<5 microns in diameter) enters the lungs, the lungs and surrounding tissue will be exposed to 270 times the radiation permitted for workers in the radiation industry.(44) Around battle fields in Kuwaitt and Iraq there is now a high increase in breast cancer for women under 30 (highest in the world), as well as thyroid cancer and Hodgin's disease in children, and many other cancers.(40)

  DU are sufficiently soluble to contaminate soil, groundwater, and surface water.  There are approximately 650,000 tons of DU hexafluoride (UF6) remaining  from the cold war. This radioactive material is contained in more than 40,000 steel storage cylinders that are located at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Paducah, Kentucky; and Portsmouth, Ohio. Some of the cylinders are more than 40 years old, and approximately 17,500 are considered "problem cylinders" because their physical integrity is questionable. (41) Should this co-product material be declared surplus and be converted to a stable oxide form, and disposed, the costs are estimated to be several billion dollars. Interestingly, the U.S. of  Department of Energy has now begun the "Beneficial Uses of DU" project to indentify large sale uses of DU and encourage its reuse for the primary purpose of potentially reducing the cost and expediting the disposition of the DU inventory.(45) Anyone who is familiar with the effects of fluoride poisoning will be able to tell that the symptoms associated with the Gulf War Syndrome (GWI) are all too similar with those effects. While it is often thought that this is a result from bombing installations which were used to produce such nerve gases as Sarin (fluorine-based nerve gas), in conjunction with the many vaccines administered, it is this author's opinion that the DU barrage is a main contributor.

  Traces of of radioactive contaminants can also be found in hydrofluosilicic acid, which according to last US census statistics (35) is the ingredient added in approximately 50% of areas fluoridated. It contains radionuclides, e.g. polonium 210. As little as 0.03 microcuries (6.8 trillionth of a gram) can be carcinogenic to humans. (36) Out of thousands of clinical studies about fluoride, not ONE has been done with the pollution concentrates found in tab water.

   It is also known that fluorides can increase the uptake of radioactive iodine (I131) especially when accompanied by iodine deficiency. In one study on 26 men in the former German Democratic Republic suffering from chronic fluorosis, the mean thyroidal uptake was significantly higher than in the controls, who already had a higher uptake due to a known prevailing iodine deficiency (28). In a study from 1985 in Russia it was established that prolonged consumption of drinking water with a raised fluorine content (122 +/- 5 mumol/l with the normal value of 52+/- 5 mumol/l) by healthy persons caused tension of function of the pituitary-thyroid system that was expressed in TSH elevated production, a decrease in the T3 concentration and more intense absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid as compared to healthy persons who consumed drinking water with the normal fluorine concentration. The results led to a conclusion that excess of fluorine in drinking water was a risk factor of more rapid development of thyroid pathology(29).

  Again, one must remember that current total fluoride intake is much more than the 1ppm recommended dose in drinking water.

   Another study looked at the thyroid and immune status in workers continuously exposed to fluorine. The examinees with euthyroid condition had immune disorders with an allergic tendency (increased number of B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins A). In workers with subclinical hypothyrosis (T3 reduced in 51%), the immune alterations were more evident, T-lymphocytes count rose, but their functional activity declined, indicating impaired cooperation of immunocytes as a result of imperfect control under low concentrations of tri-iodothyronine.(29)

  Other studies clearly show that sodium fluoride mimicks the activation by thyrotropin (TSH) of iodide binding to proteins and of glucose C-1 oxidation, while at the same time inhibiting other thyrotropin effects and blocking the endocytosis of colloid droplets by follicular cells and the consequent thyroid secretion. (55)

According to the 1994 edition of the Physician's Desk Reference: " The mechanisms by which thyroid hormones exert their physiologic action are not well understood. These hormones enhance oxygen consumption by most tissues on the body and increase the baal metabolic rate and the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Thus they exert a profound influence on every organ system in the body and are of particular importance in the development of the central nervous system." (61)

   This brings us back to the EPA scientists and their concern about the neurological damage caused by fluorides.

"Unvalidated, wild, unconfirmed, hypothetical ideas?" (Rolla)

"Pseudoscience?" (Ain)

Not. Common science, maybe. Also known as common sense.

  The struggle by the EPA scientists is not the only example of recent problems concerning ethics and science in health. During the last few months here in Canada, 6 scientists at Health Canada testified on the issue of the bovine growth hormone only after receiving written assurances (!) by Health Minister Rock that they would not be disciplined for testifying.(38) After they testified, bgh was declared illegal in Canada. Managers had shredded key documents and issued threats. The allegations made by EPA scientists concerning the setting of the MCL for fluoride are similar.(2) Health Canada, the people who are supposed to watch out for us, are now the subject of three criminal investigations by the RCMP. As a result of cutbacks, costs have been transferred to the pharmaceutical industry, which now pays for about 70 per cent of its own product reviews at Health Canada.(38) The NIH estimates that in 1994 industry money accounted for 52 percent of $33 billion spent on U.S. medical research. (56). So much for the state of ethics and science in healthcare.

So, who is watching out for our children here?

   Professional associations like the ADA or consumer "protection" groups like Quackwatch claim to be. Clear evidence shows that they are not. While the ADA "Fluoridation Facts" are false and fraudulent (so much so, that one must wonder why no-one has ever sued them for misrepresentation of facts) - Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch proclaims that there are libraries full of safety studies, but can't produce a single one, even when offered US $100,000.(43) Barrett is also on the Scientific and Policy Advisors Board of the American Council on Science and Health, another like-minded organization,  with funding supplied by Monsanto Agricultural Co, duPont, Dow Chemical, Coca Cola, Alcoa, National Soft Drink Association, etc.(42)

Whose interests are we representing here?

   One can only hope that someday soon truth will prevail and that the recently initiated defamation law suit brought by Stephen Barrett against Darlene Sherrell will backfire and help to expose this situation for exactly what Dr. Robert Carton has described it as:  "...the greatest scientific fraud in this century, if not of all time." (51)

   In the U.S. there are 15,600 new cases of thyroid cancer every year (52). Surely one must be able to ask questions pertaining to the role of fluorides, especially when an overwhelming amount of information implicating fluorides exists. How can "experts" such as Dr. Rolla or Dr. Ain, with NO apparent proper knowledge on this matter be in such a influental position and be advising sufferers and survivors of thyroid cancer?

"Everything causes cancer? Perhaps. Conceivably even a single electron at the other side of the universe. The real question is, how likely is any one particular cause? In point of fact, fluoride causes more human cancer, and causes it faster,than any other chemical."

   -  Dean Burk, Chief Chemist Emeritus, U.S. National Cancer Institute

********************************************************* ***
References:

(1)Salon Magazine, February 17, 1999
http://www.salonmagazine.com/news/1999/02/17news.html

(2)Carton, Robert J, Ph.D; Hirzy J. William, Ph.D - "Applying the NAEP Code of  Ethics to the Environmental Protection Agency and the Fluoride in Drinking Water Standard". Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the National Association of Environmental Professionals 20-24 June 1998, San Diego,  California, U.S.A.
 http://rvi.net/~fluoride/naep.htm

(3)"Dare To Think" - Darlene Sherrell
http://www.all-natural.com/think.html

(4)Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D. - The Safety of Fluoride Tablets or Drops, Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides, AAAS Symposium, Boulder, CO, Westview   Press, p 253. (1979)

(5)Takeki Tsutui, et al. - Sodium Fluoride-induced Morphological and Neoplastic Transformation, Chromosome Aberrations, Sister Chromatid Exchanges, and Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Cultured Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells", Cancer Research, Volume 44, pp.938-941 (1984)

(6)C.A. Jones, et al. - Sodium Fluoride Promotes Morphological Transformation of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells, Carcinogenesis, Volume 9, pp.2279-2284 (1988)

(6B)Lasne,C. et al. - Transforming Activities of Sodium Fluoride in Cultured Syrian Hamster Embryo and BALB/3T3 Cells, Cell Biol. Toxicol. 4:311-324 (1988)

(7)Burk, D.: Statement Regarding Fluoridation Facts. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 97th Congress, 1st session, Part 8, Washington, D.C. (1981)

(8)Yiamouyiannis, J; Burk, D.: Public Water Fluoridation Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st session, Washington, D.C. (1976)

(9)Pennsylvania Judge Rules: Fluoride Is Carcinogenic. National Health Federation Bulletin 25 (1979)

(10)Tohyama E - Relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water mortality rate from uterine cancer in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. J Epidemiol (CL8); 6 (4): 184-91 (1996)
 http://www.holisticmed.com/fluoride/uterine.htm

(11)Roholm, K.; Fluorine Intoxication - A Clinical Hygiene Study, With A Review Of the Literature And Some Experimental Investigations. H.K. Lewis & Co., London (1937)

(12)JADA: Comments on the opponents of fluoridation. JADA November 1962, vol 65,  p 694 and November 1965, vol 71, p 1155

(13)Bürgi, H.; Siebenhüner, L; Miloni, E. - Fluorine and Thyroid Gland Function: A Review of the Literature (1984)

(14)Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, February 1991, 1-134. (1991)

(15)Siebenhüner, L; Miloni, E.; Bürgi, H. - Effects of Fluoride on Thyroid Biosynthesis. Studies in a Highly Sensitive Test System. Klin Wochenschr 62:859-861 (1984)

(16)Mullenix, P.J.;Denbesten, P.K.;Schunior, A; Kernan, W.J. - Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride In Rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17(2):169-177 (1995)  also see Letter by Dr. Phyllis Mullenix, September 14, 1998
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/mull.htm

(17)Wadwhani, TK - Metabolism Of Fluorine J Indian Inst Sci 35:354-362 (1953)

(18)Meiers, P. - Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Onkogenese, Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald Fischer, Heidelberg, p.80 (1984)

(19)Bobek, S; Kahl, S.; Ewy, Z. - Effect Of Long Term Fluoride Administration on Thyroid Hormone Levels In Rats. Endocrinol Exp (Bratisl)10:289-295 (1976)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=1087230

(20)Gettler, A; Ellerbrook, L. - Toxicology Of Fluorides, Am J Med Sci 197:529-538 (1939)

(21)Yiamouyiannis, J - "Fluoride - The Aging Factor",  3rd. edition, Health Action Press, 6439 Taggart Road, Delaware, Ohio (1993)

(22)Call, R.A., et al. - Histological And Chemical Studies In Man On Effects Of Fluoride", Public Health Reports, Vol.80, No.6, pp 529-538 (1965)

(23)Health Guide: Thyroid Foundation Of Canada - Common Concerns of Thyroid Patients by Robert Volpé, MD, FRCP(C), FACP Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto. Director, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Wellesley Central Hospital, Toronto. (1996)
http://home.ican.net/~thyroid/Guides/HG13.html

(24)1968 Merck Index, pg.959 (1968)

(25)Henning, K; Fritz, H. - Fluor und Schilddrüse. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 91:79-81 (1961)

(26)Gorlitzer von Mundy - Einfluss von Fluor und Jod auf den Stoffwechsel, insbesondere auf die Schilddrüse. Münch Med Wochenschrift 105:234-247 (1963)

(27)Fluoride Virtual Library
http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/virtual_library.htm

(28)Korrodi, H.; Wegmann, T.; Galletti, P.;Held, HR - Sind bei der Cariesprophylaxe mit Fluor Rückwirkungen auf die Schilddrüse zuerwarten? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 85:1016-1019 (1955)

(29)Bachinskii, PP; Gutsalenko, OA; Naryzhniuk, ND; Sidora,VD; Shliakhta, AI - Action of the body fluorine of healthy persons and thyroidopathy patients on  the function of hypophyseal-thyroid the system. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 31(6):25-9 (1985) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=4088985

(30)Balabolkin, MI; Mikhailets, ND; Lobovskaia, RN; Chernousova, NV - The interrelationship of the thyroid and immune statuses of workers with long-term fluorine exposure. Ter Arkh;67(1):41-2 (1995)

(31)Hein, J.W.; Bonner, J.F.; Brudevold, F.; Smith, F.A.; Hodge, H.C. - Distribution In The Soft Tissue Of The Rat Of Radiactive Fluoride Administered As Sodium Fluoride. Nature 175:1295-1296 (1956)

(31B)Hein, J.W.; Smith, F.A.; Brudevold, F. - Distribution of 1ppm Fluoride As Radioactively Tagged NaF in Soft Tissues of Adult Female Albino Rats. J Dent. Res. 33:709-710 (Oct. 1954)

(32)Brown, Colette; Croff, Allen G.; Haire M.J. - "Beneficial Uses of Depleted Uranium", DTIC - AD337428 (1997)

(33)Center for Health Action, 6439 Taggart Road, Delaware, Ohio

(34)Washington Post (Feb. 17, 1999)
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/pesticides.htm

(35)Wilson, RH; DeEds, F - The Synergistic Action Of Thyroid  On Fluorine Toxicity. Endocrinology 26:851 (1940)

(36)CDC Status of Water Fluoridation In The U.S.
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/oh/flfact.htm
Source of Fluoride by state/1992
http://www.trufax.org/fluoride/states.html

(37)Glasser, G. - Fluoride And The Phosphate Connection, Earth Island Journal Special Report "Fluorides And The Environment", (1998)

(38)"Safety's Tarnished Stamp Of Approval" - Globe & Mail, Nov. 18, 1998
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/docs/news/19981118/ColumnOne/UCO LUN.html
or
http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/globe___mail_health_canada.htm

(39)Information on the American Council on Health Fraud (ACHF)
http://wyl.ewg.org/FoxProCGI.acgi$run_module?data_code=CLEAR&extr a_code=group_code=ORG176&the_type=GROUP&

(40)Fisk, R - "The evidence is there. We caused cancer in the Gulf",  The Independent, UK, October 16 (1998)

(41)Balick, L.K.; Bounds, J.H.;Bowman, D.R.; Christel, L.M.;Dibenedetto, J.A. - Results Of The Remote Sensing Feasability Study For The Uranium Hexafluoride Storage Cylinder Yard Program, Report:DOE/NV/11718-049, AD A341468 (1997)

(42)BBC, UK - "Gulf War shells 'could be causing children's cancers'" Thursday, March 26, (1998)

(43)Stephen Barrett Files SLAPP Suit in PA Court
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/PAslapp.htm

(44)"Human Rights and Toxics: Depleted Uranium and the Gulf War" Written statement submitted by International Educational Development/Humanitarian Law Project - United Nations Commission On Human Rights, Fifty-third Session, Item 5 of the provisional agenda (1997)
http://www.webcom.com/hrin/parker/c97-5w.html

(45)Brown, Colette; Croff, Allen G.; Haire, M.J. -"Beneficial Uses of Depleted Uranium", Report # CONF-970830--1;AD337428 (1997)

(46)Hillman, D; Bolenbaugh, D.L.; Convey, E.M. - Hypothyroidism and anemia related to fluoride in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci Mar;62(3):416-23 (1979)

(47)Chang, C.Y.; Phillips, P.H.; Hart, E.B. - The Effect Of Feeding Raw Rock Phosphate On The Fluorine Content Of The Organs And Tissues Of Dairy Cows. J  Dairy Science 17:695-700 (1934)

(48)Conference On Fluorides And Fluorocarbons - Department of the Navy, January 27 and 28, 1949; Navy Research Section, Science Division, Reference Department, Library of Congress, AD B221473 (1949)

(49)Smith, G. - Why Fluoride Is an Environmental Issue, Earth Island Journal Special Report "Fluorides And The Environment", (1998)

(50)Galetti, PM;Joyet, G - Effect of Fluorine On Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol 18:1102-1110 (1958)

(51)Carton, RJ - The EPA's Fluoride Fraud,  Earth Island Journal Special Report "Fluorides And The Environment", (1998)

(52)American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists THYROID CANCER GUIDELINES (Sponsored by Knoll Pharmaceuticals)
http://www.aace.com/clin/guides/thycancer.html

(53)Gordonoff, T. - Fluor und die Schilddrüse, Toxikology des Fluors Basel/Stuttgart, pp.111-123 (1964)

(54)Mineralogy Database
http://web.wt.net/~daba/Mineral/data/Cryolite.html
also:
Agricultural Research Foundation
http://www.orst.edu/dept/infonet/news/pest/pst41098.htm

(55)Willems,C; Berberhof-Van Sande, J; Dumont, J.E. - Inhibition Of Thyroid Secretion By Sodium Fluoride (in Vitro), Biochim.Biophy.Acta, 264:186-196  (1972)

(56)Wehrwein,P. - Strong Medicine, AJR April (1998)
http://ajr.newslink.org/ajrwehrweinapr98.html

(57)NASS - Agricultural Chemical Usage, HDR101200017016 (1993)
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/other/pcu-bb/agch0694.txt

(58)Environmental Health Perspectives, National Library of Health (1999)
http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/monthly.html

(59)Marcus, W.L. - Facts for Fluoridationists,  Earth Island Journal Special Report "Fluorides And The Environment" (1998)
see also: Letter By William L. Marcus, Ph.D (1995)
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/marcus.htm

(60)San Jose Mercury News, January 7, 1986

(61)1994 Physician's Desk Reference, p.632

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